{ "schema_version": "1.0.0", "title": "Eight music-history details: source-backed reference data", "creator": "Gana editorial team", "prepared_with": "AI assistance", "date_modified": "2026-09-28", "canonical_article": "https://trygana.app/journal/music-history-that-changes-how-you-listen", "methodology": "Original editorial curation and paraphrase of eight named institutional sources. This is not original historical research, representative sampling, or firsthand listening. Source descriptions retain their scope and uncertainty. The records correspond to the accompanying reading guide.", "geographic_scope": "Global; selected examples, not an exhaustive history or a ranking of cultures.", "rights": "Source text and media remain with their owners. No source media, lyrics, or notation are included, and no blanket source reuse license is asserted.", "records": [ { "id": "MH001", "region": "Southeast Asia", "locality": "Indonesia", "subject": "Angklung", "claim_type": "documented_practice_and_attributed_history", "bounded_claim": "An angklung supplies a note or chord; ensembles share melodies. UNESCO attributes the introduction of diatonic angklung to Daeng Soetigna in 1938.", "original_paraphrase": "A melody can emerge from several angklung players, each contributing part of it.", "historical_date": "1938; attributed by UNESCO", "caveat": "Not every angklung is single-pitch. The innovation date does not date the tradition’s origin.", "source_url": "https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/indonesian-angklung-00393", "source_title": "Indonesian Angklung", "publisher": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English", "source_locator": "Nomination 00393, descriptive paragraph", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, Indonesian Angklung (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "Source text/media rights remain with their owners; no source media, lyrics, or notation included. No blanket reuse license verified." }, { "id": "MH002", "region": "Southern Africa", "locality": "Malawi and Zimbabwe", "subject": "Mbira/Sansi", "claim_type": "documented_practice", "bounded_claim": "UNESCO describes mbira/sansi music in Malawi and Zimbabwe as cyclical, with small variations in returning themes and interwoven melodies.", "original_paraphrase": "Repeated mbira/sansi patterns can change subtly as melodic lines weave together.", "historical_date": null, "caveat": "Scope is the joint heritage entry; do not generalize to every African instrument or musical tradition.", "source_url": "https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-crafting-and-playing-mbira-sansi-the-finger-plucking-traditional-musical-instrument-in-malawi-and-zimbabwe-01541", "source_title": "Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe", "publisher": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English", "source_locator": "Nomination 01541, instrument and musical-form description", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "Source text/media rights remain with their owners; no source media, lyrics, or notation included. No blanket reuse license verified." }, { "id": "MH003", "region": "East Asia", "locality": "China", "subject": "Guqin", "claim_type": "documented_practice", "bounded_claim": "The guqin has seven strings; UNESCO distinguishes open-string, stopped-string, and harmonic playing techniques.", "original_paraphrase": "On guqin, changing how a string is touched changes its sound as well as its pitch.", "historical_date": null, "caveat": "No current performer counts, fixed learning-time claim, or exact origin date is inferred from the heritage page.", "source_url": "https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/guqin-and-its-music-00061", "source_title": "Guqin and its music", "publisher": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English", "source_locator": "Nomination 00061, paragraph beginning with seven strings", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, Guqin and its music (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "Source text/media rights remain with their owners; no source media, lyrics, or notation included. No blanket reuse license verified." }, { "id": "MH004", "region": "South Caucasus", "locality": "Georgia", "subject": "Georgian traditional polyphony", "claim_type": "scholarly_classification", "bounded_claim": "The International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony describes several compositional principles in Georgian singing and notes that multiple principles can coexist in one song.", "original_paraphrase": "Georgian polyphony includes different relationships between voices, sometimes combined within one piece.", "historical_date": null, "caveat": "This is one institution’s analytical framework, not an exhaustive account of all Georgian music.", "source_url": "https://polyphony.ge/en/georgia/georgian-traditional-music/forms/", "source_title": "Forms of polyphony", "publisher": "International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony, Tbilisi State Conservatoire", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English", "source_locator": "Five compositional principles and following paragraph", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony, Tbilisi State Conservatoire, Forms of polyphony (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "Source text/media rights remain with their owners; no source media, lyrics, or notation included. No blanket reuse license verified." }, { "id": "MH005", "region": "Atlantic African diaspora", "locality": "Caribbean; later North America", "subject": "Early banjo-like instruments", "claim_type": "historical_record", "bounded_claim": "The Met identifies accounts from the 1680s of enslaved Africans in the Caribbean playing gourd-bodied plucked instruments resembling banjos.", "original_paraphrase": "Early documented banjo-like instruments place the instrument’s history within the African diaspora in the Caribbean.", "historical_date": "1680s; documented accounts, not an invention date", "caveat": "Surviving descriptions do not establish a sole inventor, exact origin date, or unchanged transmission from Africa.", "source_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/501214", "source_title": "Banjo, William Esperance Boucher, Jr.; object 89.4.598", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English", "source_locator": "Opening object commentary", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Banjo, William Esperance Boucher, Jr.; object 89.4.598 (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "The object image is marked Public Domain on the source page; no image is included here. Do not infer that all page text is public domain." }, { "id": "MH006", "region": "Oceania", "locality": "Māori Aotearoa / New Zealand", "subject": "Pūtōrino", "claim_type": "documented_form_and_attributed_cultural_account", "bounded_claim": "Te Papa describes the pūtōrino’s cocoon-like shape and attributes female, male, and sometimes wairua voices to the instrument.", "original_paraphrase": "The pūtōrino’s shape and accounts of its voices connect sound with Māori cultural meaning.", "historical_date": null, "caveat": "Voice descriptions are attributed cultural accounts, not universal acoustic categories; public description is not permission for cultural or media reuse.", "source_url": "https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/digital-museum/explore-digital-museum/maori/maori-musical-instruments", "source_title": "Taonga puoro: Māori musical instruments", "publisher": "Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English; Māori terminology", "source_locator": "Pūtōrino section; Richard Nunns performance link", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Taonga puoro: Māori musical instruments (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "Source text/media rights remain with their owners; no source media, lyrics, or notation included. No blanket reuse license verified. Cultural authority and permissions are not granted by public access." }, { "id": "MH007", "region": "North America", "locality": "Veracruz, Mexico", "subject": "Son jarocho fandango", "claim_type": "documented_practice", "bounded_claim": "In a son jarocho fandango, zapateado dancers contribute percussion on a resonant wooden tarima alongside singing and instrumental playing.", "original_paraphrase": "The dancers’ feet help make the music in a Veracruz fandango.", "historical_date": null, "caveat": "This describes the documented fandango setting, not every staged or recorded son jarocho performance.", "source_url": "https://folkways.si.edu/fandango-son-jarocho-community-tradition-improvisation/music/tools-for-teaching/smithsonian", "source_title": "The Fandango in Son Jarocho: The Community Tradition and Improvisation of Son Jarocho", "publisher": "Smithsonian Folkways Recordings", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English", "source_locator": "Lesson segment 1, steps 2–4", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, The Fandango in Son Jarocho: The Community Tradition and Improvisation of Son Jarocho (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "Source text/media rights remain with their owners; no source media, lyrics, or notation included. No blanket reuse license verified." }, { "id": "MH011", "region": "South America", "locality": "Montevideo, Uruguay; Buenos Aires, Argentina", "subject": "Tango", "claim_type": "institutional_historical_account", "bounded_claim": "UNESCO names Argentina and Uruguay together in its tango record and describes development in urban communities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, including European immigrants, descendants of enslaved Africans, and local criollo communities.", "original_paraphrase": "Tango’s history crosses the Río de la Plata between Uruguay and Argentina.", "historical_date": null, "caveat": "A shared regional account does not settle every debated origin story or credit one community with sole invention.", "source_url": "https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tango-00258", "source_title": "Tango", "publisher": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage", "published_date": null, "source_language": "English", "source_locator": "Opening descriptive paragraphs of nomination 00258", "accessed_date_utc": "2026-09-28", "attribution": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, Tango (accessed 2026-09-28 UTC).", "source_rights": "Source text/media rights remain with their owners; no source media, lyrics, or notation included. No blanket reuse license verified." } ] }